Argument from effect

In the centre of Amsterdam, parking rates must have gone up because there are more empty spaces on the streets.

The word “there” refers to “in the centre of Amsterdam”, so the the argument form is alpha (a is X because a is Y): “In the centre of Amsterdam (a), parking rates must have gone up (X) because there (a) are more empty spaces on the streets (Y).

Both the conclusion and the premise can be classified as statements of fact (F), so the argument substance is FF: “In the centre of Amsterdam, parking rates must have gone up (F) because there are more empty spaces on the streets (F)”.

The keyword EFFECT describes the relationship between predicates Y and X. The argument lever can thus be formulated as “More empty spaces on the street (Y) is the EFFECT of increased parking rates (X)”.

Source

This is an invented example.

Other examples

Notes